Also, for many, reflection on this time includes remembrances of either initiating alcohol use or the escalation of drinking.Research bears out these reflections. Recent data (Velazquez et al., 2011) indicate that approximately 70% of college students report past month alcohol use. This drinking is not without negative consequences – on average, women reported 9 problems and men reported 10 problems occurring during that previous year.

Although national survey data on “binge drinking” (in this case, defined as consuming 5+ standard drinks [see sidebar]) suggest a new low in 2011, over 1/3 of college students – 36% to be exact – report binge drinking during the previous two weeks. The National Institutes of Health’s National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines binge drinking as drinking that elevates the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 – typically 5 drinks for men or 4 drinks for women in about two hours.

According to NIAAA’s summary statistics, in the past year:

• 3.3 million students drove under the influence of alcohol
• 696,000 students were assaulted by another student who had been drinking
• 599,000 students were unintentionally injured under the influence of alcohol
• 400,000 students had unprotected sex under the influence of alcohol
• 150,000 students developed an alcohol-related health problem
• 100,000 students reported not remembering if they consented to sex because they were too intoxicated
• 97,000 students were victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape
• 1,825 students died from alcohol-related unintentional injuries, including motor vehicle crashes

NIAAA has encouraged institutions to implement a variety of strategies to address college underage and excessive drinking:

• Providing alcohol education
• Limiting the availability of alcohol
• Enforcing underage-drinking laws
• Providing alcohol-free campus activities
• Notifying parents of alcohol-related offenses and infractions
• Reducing the frequency of long weekends during the semester

A variety of interventions have demonstrated effectiveness or substantial promise for addressing individual college students’ problem drinking as well as the college environment and culture. These interventions, identified by NIAAA, include:

• Cognitive-behavioral skills training combined with motivational enhancement interventions.
• Brief motivational enhancement interventions.
• Challenging alcohol expectancies.
• Increased publicity and law enforcement of alcohol-impaired driving laws.
• Reduce alcohol retail outlet density.
• Increase the cost of alcoholic beverages through price and excise taxes.
• Enhance responsible beverage service policies and practices.

• Female students’ alcohol consumption at the end of their first college semester was predicted by drinking at the time of high school graduation, intentions regarding future college drinking, and social determinants such as having heavier drinking friends, perceiving greater approval of drinking by friends, and having more social pressure to drink. (see Testa et al., 2009)
• Women’s heavy episodic drinking is strongly associated with incapacitated rape and other sexual victimization. (see Testa & Hoffman, 2012)
• The likelihood of a college woman experiencing verbal, physical, and/or sexual aggression is substantially higher on days when she drinks heavily, relative to days when she is not drinking. (see Parks et al., 2008)
• Parent-based intervention resulted in increased parent/daughter communication during the first semester of college, which predicted lower frequency of early-college heavy episodic drinking. This, in turn, resulted in lower rates of alcohol-related sexual victimization during the daughter’s first year in college. (see Testa et al., 2010)
• Permitting moderate alcohol use at home may not prevent heaving drinking episodes at college. High school students allowed to drink at home – whether at meals or with friends – reported more frequent heavy episodic drinking in the first semester of college than those who reported not being allowed to drink at all. The important factor appeared to be student perceptions of parental alcohol approval. (see Livingston et al., 2010)

http://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/

http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/special-populations-co-occurring-disorders/college-drinking

http://www.collegeparents.org/members/resources/articles/eight-points-parents-speaking-students-about-alcohol