In the latter part of the 19th century, a range of powerful new visual technologies were developed that used the intrinsic mechanics of light-sensitive media to achieve spiritual allusions and illusions. Elizabeth Otto, PhD, an award-winning art historian at the University at Buffalo, is particularly interested in "spirit photographs" and the cultures of the paranormal as they relate to the Romantic tradition of spirit or Geist in late 19th- and early 20th-century Austria and Germany and the rise of modernism.